An Issue Of Human Genetic Engineering - Free Essay Example

With an increased awareness of the human footprint being left on Earth, there has been a shift in many science fields to find ways to improve sustainability. Following the 1987 Brundtland Report, sustainability was defined and categorized into three parts. According to this report, sustainability is the development of services and methods to meet the needs of the present but these developments do not impede future generations from meeting their needs. For the study of biology and ecology, developing methods to improve sustainability is necessary to maintain diverse and productive ecosystems for both present and future generations. If emphasis is not placed on sustainability, serious consequences to the ecosystem will result.   Resources of the present will be depleted, leaving a future with destroyed ecosystems and life struggling to exist. It is imperative that the fields of ecology and biology focus on sustainability in order to ensure that life on Earth is able to maintain a state of homeostasis and future generations are able to meet their needs.   Sustainability can be classified into three different areas; environmental, social and economic (United Nations, 1987). Environmental sustainability requires that the amount of environmental resources used is less than or equivalent to the rate at which these resources can be regenerated (Basiago, 1999). This concept implies that there must be limits to the amount of resources being used at a given time. Forecasting the current and future needs of the society allows for the determination of how much of the natural resources are needed and what percentage of this can be met before exceeding the rate of regeneration. From this information, biological and ecological sciences have looked to develop methods that can fill in the gaps.   One example is shifting the primary source of energy from natural gas, which is a limited resource and nearly impossible to regenerate, to renewable energy, which is near limitless and easily regenerated. These renewable energy sources include solar and wind power.  Ã‚   Economic sustainability is interlinked with environmental sustainability. In order to achieve economic sustainability, predefined economic levels must be met but not at the expense of depleting natural resources for future generations. These economic levels allow humans to meet their mo st basic needs (i.e. the income of the population allows for individuals to purchase needed goods such as food and clothing) (United Nations, 1987).   Social sustainability looks to provide all individuals basic rights and freedoms and for all to have the opportunity to improve their lives. This means that all cultures, races, and religions are treated equally and political systems do not take advantage of the citizens.   Through research in biology and ecology, economic, environmental, and social sustainability are continuing to become more feasible and these improvements are allowing for resources to be maintained for future generations (United Nations, 1987). Human genetic engineering is one area of biological research that can help attain and maintain social sustainability. This area of sustainability looks to ensure that all humans are able to achieve their most basic needs and have the opportunity to improve their social situation. However, there are those who are genetically disfavored to be able to meet this level of sustainability.   Whether due to disease, low intelligence, or a predisposition to addiction, there exis t some humans that will inhibit the achievement of social sustainability. Through human genetic engineering, these genetic obstacles can be altered to allow for individuals to no longer suffer from conditions that prevent them from meeting their basic social needs thus allowing society as a whole to achieve social sustainability.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human evolution will be positively impacted by human genetic engineering. According to an article in The Institute of Clinical Investigation, A new wave of technology that is variously termed gene editing, genome editing, or genome engineering has emerged to address this demand by giving investigators the ability to precisely and efficiently introduce a variety of genetic alterations into mammalian cells, ranging from knockin of single nucleotide variants to insertion of genes to deletion of chromosomal regions(Gupta, Musunru 2014). In 2012, CRISPR was developed which has the potential to eradicate genetic diseases. This form of technology cuts out a targeted DNA sequence and replaces it with a corrected sequence. The modified DNA is able to be replicated within the individual and passed onto future generations (Specter, 2016). CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (NIH). In the scientific community, CRISPR holds a large magnitude of promise to h elp in the eradication of genetic diseases and disorders. The idea CRISPR came from bacteria and how their defense system works against viruses. Essentially, the bacteria takes a picture of the DNA from the invading virus. The bacteria then produces repeats (copies) in their DNA and when a virus comes in contact with the bacteria again, it uses an enzyme called Cas9 to take apart the invading viruses DNA (NIH). This ultimately obliterates the virus. This process inspired scientists to use this same concept in humans. In humans, the process of CRISPR and Cas9 is similar to that of bacteria. Scientists are able to select the area of DNA that needs to be edited. They achieve this by inserting a specific guide dna that matches with the area of dna to be removed. This guide DNA forms a system with the Cas9 enzyme. The enzyme then cuts cuts the area of DNA and the section of replacement DNA is then inserted (Youtube video). The genius behind Cas9 and CRISPR is that these technologies targ et only specific dna segments. Whereas, in other treatment procedures, the whole body can have adverse effects from the treatment. In addition, the CRISPR procedure, theoretically, could be done in an outpatient setting. Outpatient procedures are more comfortable for patients because they are sent home once their procedure is complete. Whereas in a hospital setting, the conditions are not as comfortable as ones own home. A study was done in Italy on the social sustainability in health care facilities. They found that hospitals provide a mixed environment for patients. An environment where people come to get better, and the employees are there to work (Capolongo, S G, Marco,D., Nickolova,M Nachiero, Dario,Rebecchi, Settimo, Gaetano,Vittori, G Buffoli, Maddalena, 2016). They stated the following: coming to hospital is an occasional, very intense event and an unexpected public and institutionalised experience in which the patient has to live for a specific period; whereas, for hospital staff, it is a demanding and c ontinuous workplace(Capolongo, S G, Marco,D., Nickolova,M Nachiero, Dario,Rebecchi, Settimo, Gaetano,Vittori, G Buffoli, Maddalena, 2016) Essentially, by having more technologically advanced medical procedures (potentially, such as CRISPR) done in an outpatient setting, we produce an overall higher well-being for society (Capolongo, S G, Marco,D., Nickolova,M Nachiero, Dario,Rebecchi, Settimo, Gaetano,Vittori, G Buffoli, Maddalena, 2016). Patients are able to live a more normal, happy life, opposed to being confined to hospital walls. CRISPR and Cas9 would give patients the ability to change how they receive care. Ultimately,   with the ability to pass these changes onto future generations, human evolution will result in the eradication of genetic diseases.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moral and social ramifications of human genetic engineering have been heavily debated by scientists over the past two decades. Many who oppose the idea of altering ones gene code predict that parents will begin to think of their children as products produced by manufacturers that are the scientists. According to Nick Bostrom of Oxford University in his paper called Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective, opposers also believe that the enhancing of the genetic code to eradicate disabilities, will intensify the already existing prejudice against people with disabilities. These concerns should be considered, however they are paranoid speculations with no basis from recent available correlations. For example, when new biological engineering came about to alleviate problems caused by infertility, ie in vitro fertilization, or embryo screening, it was not interpreted by the common population as morally unjust (Bostrom 2004). In the same way these methods improve the likelihood of a fetus growing, human genetic engineering improves likelihood that that fetus is healthy. Another concern raised by opposers are the negative social impacts that could be introduced as a result of widespread human genetic engineering. One such concern includes increased prejudice against non-perfect people, because technically their problem could have been fixed as an embryo. While human genetic engineering does not promise a utopian society, free of bias and prejudice, it can help alleviate these social issues by reminding the general public that if someone has an abnormality, it is not as a result of their upbringing or status, but rather the result of a typo in their genetic makeup (Bostrom 2004). This can actually make society more tolerable and understanding towards those with disabilities, even after many have had their genetic makeup changed. Opponents to human genetic engineering have sighted concerns with altering the genome of the human germ line. In the Nature article, Dont Edit the Human Germ Line, the authors focus on editing the germ line within an embryo. Changes within the embryo germ line may not be effective because the removed DNA may not be made on both target strands or the cells may begin to divide before the corrections are complete. However, the effects of these incomplete changes would not be known until after birth.   There could be harmful consequences to this embryo as it ultimately develops into a baby/adult (Lanphier, 2015). In 2015, the Chinese were able to perform gene editing on a non viable embryo. This demonstrates that testing in human genetic engineering can proceed through the use of an embryo without impacting the life of a future child (which is the concern of the those for banning human genetic engineering).   From this research, the Chinese were able to determine that there were many unanticipated mutations and a low success rate of implanting the targeted DNA into the embryos (Loria 2015).  Ã‚   By performing the research on non viable embryos, the Chinese were able to uncover information that is more applicable to the effects that would be seen in a viable embryo (Puping, 2015).   Opponents of human genetic engineering often imply that testing conducted on embryos is unregulated. Currently, there are a number of regulations in place that protect embryos used in scientific testing. These regulations include prohibiting fetal stem cell research and embryos matured past 14 days (NCSL, 20 15). Both the government and scientific community understands the responsibility of testing on embryos and regulations exist to ensure that all methods of testing are ethical. Those who want to ban human genetic engineering often focus on the idea that human genetic engineering is playing God. As discussed in the article, The Case for Genetically Engineered Babies, this opinion portrays human engineering as a method to pick and choose traits that would build a super human or designer baby (Gyngell, 2015). Although genetic engineering has the capacity to redesign the human species, this does not mean that this application of genetic engineering must be done.   The use of genetic engineering can be regulated such that it inhibits altering genes with the ultimate purpose of enhancing a characteristic or trait. Human genetic engineering should only be used to eradicate a disease or improve the health of an individual.   By imposing such regulations, building designer babies would be prevented but the life saving ability of this technology could be used. Furthermore, the decision to ban the use of human genetic engineering is in of itself playing God. Individuals should have the right to weigh the risk of different treatments and ultimately decide what option is best.   Treatments affecting an individual should not be governed by the morals of others.   Human genetic engineering has the ability to allow for social sustainability. By curing individuals of diseases and allowing for these changes to be copied into future generations, all humans can potentially have the ability to meet their basic needs and improve their social situation. Not having the burden of medical expenses or the emotional toll of watching a loved one die, allows society to focus on needed developments in other areas such as government or cultural understanding.   Human engineering provides the human race an opportunity to i mprove social sustainability in a magnitude that has only existed in the imagination.

Resistances Role In The Rwandan Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1629 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? Resistance’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide First sentence? â€Å"Exactly fifty years after the discovery of the Nazi death camps, the world witnessed genocide in Rwanda† (Hintjens 241). The Hutu majority carried out a systematic campaign; its goal was the complete extermination of the Tutsis. While the genocide ended before the last Tutsi survivors could be eliminated, their population still underwent â€Å"one of the highest casualty rates of any population in history from non-natural causes† (Hintjens 241). The killing was so widespread that â€Å"333 deaths occurred every hour (White 472). That means, on average, over 5 people were killed every minute, or one person every eleven seconds. And this went on for over three months. Even today, â€Å"there is still a sense of disbelief at the enormity of the killings† (Hintjens 276). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Resistances Role In The Rwandan Genocide" essay for you Create order While â€Å"it is impossible to determine the exact number of people that died, it is estimated that the genocide left â€Å"as many 1 million people dead in 100 days† (Hintjens 276). Before it is possible to discuss the role of resistance, it is important to first understand that what happened in Rwanda was indeed genocide. According to Dominic, Olaifa, â€Å"The word, genocide, was coined by a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in 1944 from the word geno meaning race and the Latin word cide meaning killing He formed this word to describe a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves† (34-35). This was the objective in Rwanda. The justification for beginning the genocide, or at least the event that sparked it was when â€Å"the plane carrying President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda and President Cyprien Ntayamira of Burundi was shot down as it descended† (Dominic, Olaifa 36). So, a minor conflict, or at least something that would be a relatively minor event under ordinary circumstances, was used to justify the killings, and according to Dominic, Olaifa, â€Å"Genocide often uses minor conflict as a trigger† (36). Furthermore, â€Å"One of the common motives often exhibited by genocide perpetrators is to destroy a group perceived to be a threat to the ruling power† (Dominic, Olaifa 36). Because â€Å"All the Rwandans interviewed agreed on the fact that the Tutsis in exile had become a threat to the government of Juvenal Habyarimana,† (Dominic, Olaifa 36) it is apparent the Hutus in power determined that the Tutsis were a threat to their own power, and made it their goal to exterminate the Tutsi people. Although it is important to understand that genocide occurred, it is more important to attempt to determine how the genocide was able to happen, if anything helped minimize the carnage, and how the genocide came to an end; how else would it be possible to prevent future genocides? In Rwanda, although resistance to the Rwandan Genocide was minimal, nonviolent resistance mitigated the genocide and violent resistance ended the genocide. Resistance is the only way to prevent genocides from happening in the future. There is no easy way to determine what allowed the Hutu people to justify to themselves killing the Tutsis. In Hoex, Smeulers, though, they manage two identify ten distinct types of perpetrators: â€Å"(1) The criminal mastermind (defined as the supreme authority), (2) The fanatic (driven by hate and resentment), (3) The sadist (driven by a pleasure to induce pain), (4) The criminal (who was already involved in serious crime), (5), The professional (who has gone through extremely coercive military training in which he was trained to become a torturer or killer), (6) The devoted warrior (driven by a sincere belief in the ideology and the need to obey and conform to an authority), (7) The careerist (driven by careerism), (8) The profiteer (driven by pure self-interest or material gain), (9) The compromised perpetrator (driven by fear), (10) The conformist and follower (who follow the flow)† (435). All of these were present in Rwanda, but some were more prevalent. On the surface, it might seem like â€Å"(6) The devoted warrior† was the most common reason; perhaps it’s even comforting in a way to believe that. It’s easier to believe that the genocide happened because people thought that what they were doing was right because then it becomes possible to place distance between how a normal person thinks and how the killers thought. It’s easier to be confident in one’s ability to remain steadfast in one’s morals and ideology and hold the belief that â€Å"I would never become a devoted warrior, like the Hutus were† than to consider how you might behave if you were in the same, or a similar environment to the Hutu people when the genocide began in Rwanda. In reality, the most common reasons for killing were (8) greed, (9) fear, and (10) the herd mentality. One Hutu main,   â€Å"Some of my friends became killers. What made them change was greed. To get something from the killings. Their main motivation was gre ed† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). This idea is further supported by the assertion made in â€Å"Verwimp (2005), [that] greed was actually the most important motivating factor†¦. Normal Hutus who had no wealth went to the houses of rich Tutsis and killed the rich Tutsis† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). Fear was also a reason for killing: â€Å"There was always someone from the Interahamwe around. They came and said you have to kill or you will be killed. Many people were killed because they resisted or hesitated† (Hoex, Smeulers 442). Some killers were drawn to the strength they felt in large numbers: â€Å"It felt secure in the group, and that was a reason to join† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). There’s safety in a group, even comfort in a group. Even if the group is murdering massive numbers of people, those features of participating in a group still apply, and drove many people to kill. Fundamentally, the majority of the killers were driven by fear of what would happen if they refused to kill, the chance to become better off themselves by killing, or just the comfort in being part of a group. Of course, propaganda played also a role; â€Å"the RTLM,† a prominent radio station, â€Å"repeatedly referred to the Simusiga, or hurricane, portraying the genocide as a quasi-natural event which it was futile to resist† (Hintjens 267). This was part of an attempt to try to discourage resistance, and while it did. One Hutu man when interviewed, recounted, â€Å" ‘There was always someone from the Interahamwe around†¦ They came and said, â€Å"You have to kill or you will be killed.†Many people were killed because they resisted or hesitated’ † (Hoex, Smeulers 442). So, even hesitation to kill was enough of a reason to get killed yourself. This again creates conditions where its hard for the killers to even stop and think, to question their actions, and to think about if what they or doing is right. It was hard for the Tutsis to resist because it meant almost certain death, and it was hard for the Hutus to resist because they knew resisti ng will quite probably get them killed. Essentially, anyone who got caught resisting would often be tortured and then killed, which made it almost impossible for people to resist. Yet, people resisted. One Hutu man shared his powerful story: â€Å"I filled every hiding place with a person. Some were in the ceiling. Some were in the cupboards. Some were under the floor They demanded to come inside and search the property. I stood in the doorway and told them that they’d have to kill me first. ‘We’ll be back,’ they said. ‘And thanks for gathering the cockroaches into one place. Because it will be easier to kill them. I told the news to my wife, and we both agreed that we were ready to die. The next time the killers came, there were fifty of them. All of them had guns or machetes. They pushed straight past me and entered the pastor’s residence. They began pulling people out of the ceiling. They were kicking us and dragging us along the floor. I knew this was the end. I could see our death clearly. Some people were shivering and wailing and screaming for mercy. Others were completely silent. They’d already lost so ma ny loved ones and they were ready to die themselves. We were dragged to this very spot and put in three lines. We began to say our last prayers. I scanned the mob of killers for recognizable faces. Many of them were Christians. Some were even from my congregation. Every time I recognized a face, I called to him by name. I said: ‘When I die, I am going to heaven. Where will you go?’   Then I pointed to the next man, and asked him the same question. Then the next. Then the next.   Some of the killers grew nervous. They began to argue amongst themselves. Nobody wanted to be the first to kill. Soon they were threatening to shoot each other. And they began to leave, one by one, until all of them had run off. We didn’t lose a single person. After hiding out for three weeks, we were rescued by the Rwandan Patriotic Front.† Works Cited Dominic, Danjibo Nathaniel, and Olaifa Temitope Abimbola. â€Å"THE 1994 RWANDAN CONFLICT: GENOCIDE OR WAR?† International Journal on World Peace, vol. 30, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 31–54. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24543759. Hintjens, Helen M. â€Å"Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.† The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, June 1999, pp. 241–286. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/161847. Hoex, Lotte, and Alette Smeulers. â€Å"Studying the Microdynamics of the Rwandan Genocide.† British Journal of Criminology, vol. 50, no. 3, May 2010, pp. 435–454. JSTOR,   www.jstor.org/stable/43612863. Jayawickreme, Eranda, and Paul Di Stefano. â€Å"How Can We Study Heroism? Integrating Persons, Situations and Communities.† Political Psychology, vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2012, pp. 165–178. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41407026. White, Kenneth R. â€Å"Scourge of Racism: Genocide in Rwanda.† Journal of Black Studies, vol. 39, no. 3, Jan. 2009, pp. 471–481. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40282573.

The Human Resource Administrative Procedures - 1595 Words

1. Analyze the human resource administrative procedures in your school district and make recommendations to improve present practices. Brimley and Garfield (2012) proclaim, the expanded role of human resources is the administration of personnel: the skill of leading and managing people. They also assert, human resource administrators typically focus on the following areas: recruitment, salaries, benefits, certification, and retirement. As a result, the human resource team are people experts (Brimley and Garfield, 2012). â€Å"Notwithstanding the importance of personnel duties, the role is broadened to include improving the ambiance of the profession,† claim Brimley and Garfield (2012, para. 1, p. 367). Brimley and Garfield also claim, a human†¦show more content†¦According to Katie Gardner (human resources director), the problem will become worse with Alaska’s looming fiscal crisis and the Tier III retirement system for new teachers (K. Gardner, personal commun ication, April 2, 2016). Additionally, the MSBSD has become more aggressive in recruiting practices for speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapists; Alaska is unable to produce these positions because the two state universities (UAF and UAA) do not offer the programs (K. Gardner, personal communication, April 2, 2016). In the past Alaska had a recruiting advantage due to substantially larger salaries, defined benefit retirement package (Tier I II), and a 20 year retirement timeline for teachers. Recently, all of those advantages vanished and human resource experts claim, they are having a difficult time competing with other states. Additionally, the pool of teachers is gradually decreasing (K. Gardner, personal communication, April 2, 2016). Although many people are drawn to Alaska for its scenery, mystique, and outdoor lifestyle, it is becoming harder to attract quality applicants to Alaska. Nonetheless, the state could consider incentivizing the recruitment of educators from the Lower 48. Thus, the state and department of education

Managing Complexity Compete Value Framework -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Complexity Compete Value Framework? Answer: Introduction The competing value framework is one of the most influential and extensive model that has been used particularly to the organizational culture. In this week there was application of the competing values framework to this study (Cameron Quinn, 2011). In this week it was developing and communication a vision. As a manager in the organization there is need to vision statement which could speak to the employee, and at the same time encourage them to feel a part of the team. In this competency is in the second quadrant. In this quadrant the manager does not control the employees but rather inspire them. This leads to respect and commitment from the workers and it is crucial especially in improving the productivity and increasing the productivity of the organization. The relevant competency highlighted was innovator and the theory is goal setting that is based on the adaptability, growth and readiness for the manager (Tong Arvey, 2015). They are significant to the manager since they would be inspired and be able to effectively inspire other to the vision of the organization. I have discovered various things about myself in this week. I got some ability to craft vision and at the same try develop and communicate a vision. This has been portrayed from the project which we were undertaking I was able to guide the team members towards a focused objective to be able to do the project. Week 8 In this week reading on my take on the topic there was application of the competing value framework to the study on motivating self and others. As a manager one of the competencies is to motivate the employees which in turn affect the productivity positively. We are in the internal quadrant. In this quadrant the manager are responsible in combining the right combination of the motivational techniques along with rewards in order to satisfy the workers needs and encourage them to perform (Ancarani, Di Mauro Giammanco, 2009). The competency which is discussed is facilitator and mentor and the theory which we looked at was the expectancy theory. Based on this theory employees behaves in a given manner because they are motivated to select a given behavior due to what they expect the result of the behavior selected would be. As a manager this competency is important since they will identify the conditions for motivating the workers and works towards that. When the employees are rewarded based on the performance, they tend to behave in a certain way and they become more productive. I have learnt quite many things during this week topic in regards to motivation and this has made me understand myself better. As a leader I need to channel motivation towards accomplishing a given tasks. It could be within even the classroom set up, I need to motivate my fellow colleague in doing tasks and one way would be through motivating which could be intrinsic reward not necessarily extrinsic. This way I will become a better leader and help change others perspective to a positive manner. In this week it was on managing execution and driving for the results. There was application of the competing values framework to this study. In this study the objective is driving and implementing of the result to get things done (Billmeyer, 2006). The managers need to get done effectively and efficiently rather than just doing things within the organization. The quadrant that we are in is the external-control quadrant. The contemporary role of the managers falls in this quadrant. Their role consists of working productively, managing time and fostering a productive working environment. The competency look at is that coordinator and the theory is rational goal model. This competency makes a good manager because they are able to plan well and be able to manage the execution of various projects within organization (Quinn, Bright, Faerman, Thompson McGrath, 2014). They are able to execute their own time and consolidate their time to meet those tasks efficiently. I have discovered about myself that I need to develop this competency, since it would enable me manage my time well. Over sometime I have not been managing my time well in doing my tasks and this competency has shaped on my perspective of managing tasks effective and efficiently. This week study on championing and selling new ideas applied the competing values framework. It highlighted mainly on the substance and the style of communicating in regards to championing and selling ideas. The quadrant that is in this study is internal-control quadrant. This quadrant consists of building and maintaining a power base, presenting ideas along with negotiating of the agreement as well as commitment (Zohdi, 2017). The competency which we look at innovator and this is significant to a manager to a great deal. The manager needs to foster creative environment and create creative changes (Zohdi, 2017). The competency comprise of the framework which help in improving the quality of the manager communication and the ability to coach other employees in the organization. Based on the reading of the study I have discussed that am an innovator. I always foster on creating an environment and I sometimes offer a creative change. I always do things which could challenge me to see the blind spot and from this I tend to become creative. In this week study it is on negotiation and in this it has applied the competing values framework. Negotiation is not limited to any sessions and individual more often negotiate anytime. The quadrant is the external-flexible. The managers are responsible for facilitating participative decision making and at the same time making decisions in both personal and professional life (Kim, 2015). The competency that was looked at was being a broker or the facilitator. The competency could be helpful to the manager since they could use it to negotiating (Kim, 2015). They could exert some impact in the organization especially in knowing what individuals are ready to accept. The theory of focus is the human relations model where it is based on the cohesion and morale with emphasis on human resource particularly when negotiating. From this study I have discovered about myself that I have some negotiation skills. This has been exhibited in the classroom and outside classroom. For instance, when buying something I tend to use some negotiation skills to bargain a given item at a discounted price. This study has provided with comprehensive content which would enhance these skills. References Ancarani, A., Di Mauro, C., Giammanco, M. D. (2009). How are organisational climate models and patient satisfaction related? A competing value framework approach. Social science medicine, 69(12), 1813-1818. Billmeyer, R. (2006). Strategies to engage the mind of the learner: Creating strategic learners. ameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. John Wiley Sons. Kim, K., Kim, J. (2015, August). A Role of Information Security Committee based on Competing Values Framework. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Electronic Commerce 2015 (p. 32). ACM. Tong, Y. K., Arvey, R. D. (2015). Managing complexity via the competing values framework. Journal of Management Development, 34(6), 653-673. Quinn, R. E., Bright, D., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., McGrath, M. R. (2014). Becoming a master manager: A competing values approach. John Wiley Sons Zohdi, T. I. (2017). An agent-based computational framework for simulation of competing hostile planet-wide populations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 314, 513-526.

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay The Rise of Communism in RussiaUnless we accept the claim that Lenins coup gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s? (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, w ho were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay on The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Socialism, of which ?Marxism-Leninism? is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a ?congress? of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate ?legal Marxist? group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his ?hard? philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label ?Bolshevik? (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the ?soft? or more democratic position became known as the ?Mensheviks? or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group of revolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denounced the otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand of Marxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevik faction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviks factional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from the Bolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postImageUrl , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:visited , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active { border:0!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dinosaurs (1032 words) Essay On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The army generals reported that it would be pointless to send in any more troops, because they would only join in with the other rioters. The frustrated tsar responded by stepping down from power, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty (Farah, 580). With the tsar out of power, a new provisional government took over made up of middle-class Duma representatives. Also rising to power was a rival government called the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies consisting of workers and peasants of socialist and revolutionary groups. Other soviets formed in towns and villages all across the country. All of the soviets worked to push a three-point program which called for an immediate peas, the transfer of land to peasants, and control of factories to workers. But the provisional government stood in conflict with the other smaller governments and the hardships of war hit the country. The provisional government was so busy fighting the war that they neglected the social problems it faced, losing much needed support (Farah, 580). The Bolsheviks in Russia were confused and divided about how to regard the Provisional Government, but most of them, including Stalin, were inclined to accept it for the time being on condition that it work for an end to the war. When Lenin reached Russia in April after his famous ?sealed car? trip across Germany, he quickly denounced his Bolshevik colleagues for failing to take a sufficiently revolutionary stand (Daniels, 88). In August of 1917, while Lenin was in hiding and the party had been basically outlawed by the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks managed to hold their first party congress since 1907 regardless. The most significant part of the debate turned on the possibility for immediate revolutionary action in Russia and the relation of this to the international upheaval. The separation between the utopian internationalists and the more practical Russia-oriented people was already apparent (Pipes, 127). The Bolsheviks hope of seizing power was hardly secret. Bold refusal of the provisional Government was one of their major ideals. Three weeks before the revolt they decided to stage a demonstrative walkout from the advisory assembly. When the walkout was staged, Trotsky denounced the Provisional Government for its alleged counterrevolutionary objectives and called on the people of Russia to support the Bolsheviks (Daniels, 110). On October 10 of 1917, Lenin made the decision to take power. He came secretly to Petrograd to try and disperse any hesitancies the Bolshevik leadership had over his demand for armed revolt. Against the opposition of two of Lenins long-time lieutenants, Zinovieiv and Kamenev, the Central Committee accepted Lenins resolution which formally instructed the party organizations to prepare for the seizure of power. Finally, of October 25 the Bolshevik revolution took place to overthrow the provisional government. They did so through the agency of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. They forcibly overthrew the provisional government by taking over all of the government buildings, such as the post office, and big corporations, such as the power companies, the shipyard, the telephone company. The endorsement of the coup was secured from the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was concurrently in session. This was known as the ?October Revolution? (Luttwak, 74) Through this, control of Russia was shifted to Lenin and the Bolsheviks. IN a quick series of decrees, the new ?soviet? government instituted a number of sweeping reforms, some long overdue and some quite revolutionary. They ranged from ?democratic? reforms, such as the disestablishment of the church and equality for the national minorities, to the recognition of the peasants land seizures and to openly socialist steps such as the nationalization of banks. The Provisional Governments commitment to the war effort was denounced. Four decrees were put into action. The first four from the Bolshevik Revolutionary Legislation were a decree on peace, a decree on land, a decree on the suppression of hostile newspapers, and a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia (Stossenger, 130). .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postImageUrl , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:visited , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active { border:0!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes Essay By early 1918 the Bolshevik critics individually made their peace with Lenin, and were accepted back into the party and governmental leadership. At the same time, the Left and Soviet administration thus acquired the exclusively Communist character which it has had ever since. The Left SRs like the right SRs and the Mensheviks, continued to function in the soviets as a more or less legal opposition until the outbreak of large-scale civil war in the middle of 1918. At that point the opposition parties took positions which were either equally vocal or openly anti-Bolshevik, and one after another, they were suppressed. The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice was agreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded as an indispensable ?breathing spell,? instead of shallowly risking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved during the revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election of officers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventional way and employing ?military specialists? experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with the Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communist practices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political opposition commenced with the creation of the ?Cheka.? Under the direction of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the right of unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leanings of the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despite the varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes of the police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration) to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for State Security) (Pipes, 140). Leninused his secret police in his plans to use terror to achieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies and their allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become a socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means of production was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still, the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top level individuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co., 1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing, 1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books, 1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: Blackhawk Publishing, 1988.

Biography of Cambodia Politician Pol Pot

Biography of Cambodia Politician Pol Pot Pol Pot. The name is synonymous with horror. Even in the blood-drenched annals of twentieth-century history, Pol Pots Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia stands out for the sheer scale and senselessness of its atrocities. In the name of creating an agrarian communist revolution, Pol Pot and his underlings killed at least 1.5 million of their own people in the infamous Killing Fields. They wiped out between 1/4 and 1/5 of the countrys entire population. Who would do this to their own nation? What kind of monster kills millions in the name of erasing a century of modernization? Who was Pol Pot? Early Life A child named Saloth Sar was born in March of 1925, in the little fishing village of Prek Sbav, French Indochina. His family was ethnically mixed, Chinese and Khmer, and comfortably middle-class. They owned fifty acres of rice paddies, which was ten times as much as most of their neighbors, and a large house that stood on stilts in case the river flooded. Saloth Sar was the eighth of their nine children. Saloth Sars family had connections with the Cambodian royal family. His aunt had a post in the future King Norodoms household, and his first cousin Meak, as well as his sister Roeung, served as royal concubines. Saloth Sars elder brother Suong was also an officer at the palace. When Saloth Sar was ten years old, his family sent him 100 miles south to the capital city of Phnom Penh to attend the Ecole Miche, a French Catholic school. He was not a good student. Later, the boy transferred to a technical school in Kompong Cham, where he studied carpentry. His academic struggles during his youth would actually stand him in good stead for decades to come, given the Khmer Rouges anti-intellectual policies. French Technical College Probably because of his connections rather than his scholastic record, the government gave him the scholarship to travel to Paris, and pursue higher education in the field of electronics and radio technology at the Ecole Francaise dElectronique et dInformatique (EFRIE). Saloth Sar was in France from 1949 to 1953; he spent most of his time learning about Communism rather than electronics. Inspired by Ho Chi Minhs declaration of Vietnamese independence from France, Saloth joined the Marxist Circle, which dominated the Khmer Students Association in Paris. He also joined the French Communist Party (PCF), which lionized the uneducated rural peasantry as the true proletariat, in opposition to Karl Marxs designation of the urban factory-workers as the proletariat. Return to Cambodia Saloth Sar flunked out of college in 1953. Upon his return to Cambodia, he scouted out the various anti-government rebel groups for the PCF and reported that the Khmer Viet Minh was the most effective. Cambodia became independent in 1954 along with Vietnam and Laos, as part of the Geneva Agreement which France used to extract itself from the Vietnam War. Prince Sihanouk played the different political parties in Cambodia off against one another and fixed elections; nonetheless, the leftist opposition was too weak to seriously challenge him either at the ballot box or through a guerrilla war. Saloth Sar became a go-between for the officially recognized left-wing parties and the communist underground. On July 14, 1956, Saloth Sar married teacher Khieu Ponnary. Somewhat incredibly, he got work as a lecturer in French history and literature at a college called Chamraon Vichea. By all reports, his students loved the soft-spoken and friendly teacher. He would soon move up within the communist sphere, as well. Pol Pot Assumes Control of Communists Throughout 1962, the Cambodian government cracked down on communist and other left-wing parties. It arrested party members, shut down their newspapers, and even killed important communist leaders while they were in custody. As a result, Saloth Sar moved up the ranks of surviving party members. In early 1963, a small group of survivors elected Saloth as Secretary of the Communist Central Committee of Cambodia. By March, he had to go into hiding when his name appeared on a list of people wanted for questioning in connection with leftist activities. Saloth Sar escaped to North Vietnam, where he made contact with a Viet Minh unit. With support and cooperation from the much better-organized Vietnamese Communists, Saloth Sar arranged for a Cambodian Central Committee meeting early in 1964. The Central Committee called for armed struggle against the Cambodian government, (rather ironically) for self-reliance in the sense of independence from the Vietnamese Communists, and for a revolution based on the agrarian proletariat, or peasantry, rather than the working class as Marx envisioned it. When Prince Sihanouk unleashed another crack-down against leftists in 1965, a number of elites such as teachers and college students fled the cities and joined the nascent Communist guerrilla movement taking shape in the countryside. In order to become revolutionaries, however, they had to give up their books and drop out. They would become the first members of the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge Take-Over of Cambodia In 1966, Saloth Sar returned to Cambodia and renamed the party the CPK: Communist Party of Kampuchea. The party began to plan for a revolution, but was caught off-guard when peasants across the country rose up in anger over the high price of food in 1966; the CPK was left standing. It wasnt until January 18, 1968, that the CPK started its uprising, with an attack on an army base near Battambang. Although the Khmer Rouge did not overrun the base entirely, they were able to seize a weapons cache which they turned against the police in villages across Cambodia. As violence escalated, Prince Sihanouk went to Paris, then ordered protesters to picket the Vietnamese embassies in Phnom Penh. When the protests got out of hand, between March 8 and 11, he then denounced the protesters for destroying the embassies as well as ethnic Vietnamese churches and homes. The National Assembly learned of this capricious chain of events and voted Sihanouk out of power on March 18, 1970. Although the Khmer Rouge had consistently railed against Sihanouk in its propaganda, the Chinese and Vietnamese communist leaders convinced him to support the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk went on the radio and called for the Cambodian people to take up arms against the government, and fight for the Khmer Rouge. Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese army also was invading Cambodia, pressing the Cambodian army back to less than 25 kilometers from Phnom Penh. Cambodian Genocide In the name of agrarian communism, the Khmer Rouge decided to completely and immediately remake Cambodian society as a utopian farming nation, free of all foreign influence and the trappings of modernity. They immediately abolished all private property and seized all products of field or factory. The people who lived in cities and towns, some 3.3 million, were driven out to work in the countryside. They were labeled depositees, and were given very short rations with the intention of starving them to death. When party leader Hou Youn objected to the emptying of Phnom Penh, Pol Pot labeled him a traitor; Hou Youn disappeared. Pol Pots regime targeted intellectuals, including anyone with an education, or with foreign contacts, as well as anyone from the middle or upper classes. Such people were tortured horrifically, including by electrocution, pulling out of finger and toenails, and being skinned alive, before they were killed. All of the doctors, the teachers, the Buddhist monks and nuns, and the engineers died. All of the national armys officers were executed. Love, sex, and romance were outlawed, and the state had to approve marriages. Anyone caught being in love or having sex without official permission was executed. Children were not allowed to go to school or to play, they were expected to work and would be summarily killed if they balked. Incredibly, the people of Cambodia did not really know who was doing this to them. Saloth Sar, now known to his associates as Pol Pot, never revealed his identity or that of his party to the ordinary people. Intensely paranoid, Pol Pot reportedly refused to sleep in the same bed two nights in a row for fear of assassination. The Angka included only 14,000 members, but through secrecy and terror tactics, they ruled a country of 8 million citizens absolutely. Those people who were not killed immediately worked in the fields from sun-up to sun-down, seven days a week. They were separated from their families, ate in communal dining messes, and slept in military-style barracks. The government confiscated all consumer goods, piling vehicles, refrigerators, radios, and air conditioners up in the streets and burning them. Among the activities utterly banned were music-making, prayer, using money and reading. Anyone who disobeyed these restrictions ended up in an extermination center or got a swift ax-blow to the head in one of the Killing Fields. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge sought nothing less than the reversal of hundreds of years of progress. They were willing and able to erase not only the symbols of modernization but also the people associated with it. Initially, the elites bore the brunt of Khmer Rouge excesses, but by 1977 even peasants (base people) were being massacred for offenses such as using happy words. Nobody knows exactly how many Cambodians were murdered during Pol Pots reign of terror, but the lower estimates tend to cluster around 1.5 million, while others estimate 3 million, out of a total population of just over 8 million. Vietnam Invades Throughout Pol Pots reign, border skirmishes flared from time to time with the Vietnamese. A May 1978 uprising by non-Khmer Rouge communists in eastern Cambodia prompted Pol Pot to call for the extermination of all Vietnamese (50 million people), as well as of the 1.5 million Cambodians in the eastern sector. He made a start on this plan, massacring more than 100,000 of the eastern Cambodians by the end of the year. However, Pol Pots rhetoric and actions gave the Vietnamese government a reasonable pretext for war. Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of Cambodia and overthrew Pol Pot. He fled to the Thai borderlands, while the Vietnamese installed a new, more moderate communist government in Phnom Penh. Continued Revolutionary Activity Pol Pot was put on trial in absentia in 1980, and sentenced to death. Nonetheless, from his hideout in the Malai district of Banteay Meanchey Province, near the Cambodia/Thailand border, he continued to direct Khmer Rouge actions against the Vietnamese-controlled government for years. He announced his retirement in 1985, supposedly due to problems with asthma, but continued to direct the Khmer Rouge behind the scenes. Frustrated, the Vietnamese attacked the western provinces and drove the Khmer guerrillas into Thailand; Pol Pot would live in Trat, Thailand for several years. In 1989, the Vietnamese withdrew their troops from Cambodia. Pol Pot had been living in China, where he underwent treatment for facial cancer. He soon returned to western Cambodia but refused to take part in negotiations for a coalition government. A hardcore of Khmer Rouge loyalists continued to terrorize the western regions of the country and waged guerrilla war on the government. In June of 1997, Pol Pot was arrested and put on trial only for the murder of his friend Son Sen. He was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. Death and Legacy On April 15, 1998, Pol Pot heard the news on a Voice of America radio program that he was going to be turned over to an international tribunal for trial. He died that night; the official cause of death was heart failure, but his hasty cremation raised suspicions that it might have been suicide. In the end, it is difficult to assess Pol Pots legacy. Certainly, he was one of the bloodiest tyrants in history. His delusional plan for reforming Cambodia did set the country back, but it hardly created an agrarian utopia. Indeed, it is only after four decades that Cambodias wounds are beginning to heal, and some sort of normalcy is returning to this utterly ravaged nation. But a visitor does not even have to scratch the surface to find the scars of Cambodias Orwellian nightmare under the rule of Pol Pot. Source: Becker, Elizabeth. When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, Public Affairs, 1998. Kiernan, Ben. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, Hartford: Yale University Press, 2008. Short, Philip. Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare, New York: MacMillan, 2006.

East and South East Asia Differences Term Paper

East and South East Asia Differences - Term Paper Example The Asian Economic Miracle: Asian "Tigers" According to Chong (284), the Southeast Asian "tigers" is terminology whose usage is in reference to the Southeast Asian economies such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Indonesia. Chong (284) elucidates that the term economic miracle has found usage in the definition of the speedier growth amid these nations within the past decades reaching its heights in the 1990s and culminating into the fiscal crisis of 1998. Reportedly, this era of economic augmentation brought with it an appreciable modernity as well as superior living standards amid their populace. Chong (284) observes that the accelerated development is traceable back to the sixties when the East Asian wealth grew at a miraculous rate given the slower over global rates. The subsequent decades witnessed similar growth rates that were far better than any other nation across the globe. According to Chong (284), none of the nations within this matrix experience wealth appreciation lesser than the highest values re corded else where within the globe. According to Cardarelli & Vivek (64) the developments witnessed in the south east and Southeast Asia are the results of two principal wealth creation strategies. Firstly, the considerable state involvement and secondly is the design and implementation of a successful export orient wealth augmentation base. ... According to Chong (284), China bears considerable resemblance to its southeastern neighbors with a characteristic strong aristocratic leadership and dependence on export-oriented growth model for its fiscal and wealth creation enhancements. Additionally, the wealth expansions in china have appreciably enhanced the modernity with observable increment in the overall living standards. Nonetheless, the nations persist to experience principal environmental predicaments which are inclusive of huge floods, extreme weather situations as well as recent life fatal accidental incidences within its rapidly progressing transport section. In spite of the closed up political system, China enjoys considerable levels of interactions with the rest of the globe. Cardarelli & Vivek (79) observes that such interactions are evident in its massive exports and enormous foreign exchange preserve. According to Cardarelli & Vivek (80), Chinese exports in the preceding year totaled about 1.5 trillion dollars with an overall global ranking of number two. Similarly, its imports were a considerable 1.3 trillion, which was third globally, while attracting massive foreign preserve of close to 2.6 trillion fiscal units. This massive reserve ensures China ended the preceding year as the leader in the foreign deals. Similarly, the past year saw Chinese external investment increment to about 279 billion dollars while the unswerving foreign deals reached an unbelievable 578 billion dollars. Cardarelli & Vivek (80) believe that these massive exports are confirmation of the presumed excessive dependency on exports.